CITATIONS WITHIN THE PAPER:

Paraphrasing, taking an idea from another work, or directly quoting another author require you to credit, or cite, the source. 

• If it is a direct quote, you must include the author's last name, the year of the publication, and the page number.

• When paraphrasing, you must include the author's last name and the year of the publication.  Although it is not required, including a page number is strongly encouraged.

• When the author's name is included in the text, the citation comes immediately after the name. See examples below.

Paraphrasing - Citing included in the text:

Smith (1990) found that there was a strong correlation between exercise duration and state anxiety levels.

Paraphrasing - Citing included at the end of the statement:

Exercise duration and state anxiety levels were found to be closely related (Smith, 1990).

Direct Quote - Citing included in the text:

As Diringer and Howe (1990) phrased it, "Teachers education programs in environmental education remain relatively scarce and poorly developed" (p.6).

Direct Quote - Citing included at end of the sentence:

"Teacher education programs in environmental education remain relatively scarce and poorly developed" (Disinger & Howe, 1990, p. 16).

One Work - One Author:
Cite the name every time the reference occurs.

Smith (1990) found

(Smith, 1990)

One Work - Two Authors:
Cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text.

Smith and Kline (1990, p. 114) found

(Smith & Kline, 1990, p. 114)

One Work - Three, Four, or Five Authors
Cite all of the authors the first time and then the last name of the first author and et al. all subsequent times.

One work - Six or More Authors:
Cite onyl the last name of the first author followed by et al.

Goodwin et al. (1995, p. 512) reports that

(Goodwin et al., 1995, p. 512)

Groups as Authors:
Groups that appear as authors are usually spelled out each time they are referenced in the text.

Cornell Press (2001) found

(Cornell Press, 2001)

Work With No Author:
Cite the first few words of the title. For the title of an article or chapter, use quotation marks. For the title of a periodical, book, brochure, or report use italics.

Book Example:
          According to The Bond (1990, p. 434)

          (The Bond, 1990, p. 434)

Article Example:
          A report from "Revitalization" (2000) indicates

          ("Revitalization," 2000)

Authors With the Same Last Name:
If a reference includes two primary authors with the same last name, include the author's initials in the text citation.

A.C. Jones (1997) and T. R. Jones (2000) found that
R.M. Wilson and Goodwin (1998) and C.L. Wilson and Lee (2001) reported that

Two or More Works Within the Same Parentheses:
List the citations of two or more works in alphabetical order, which is the same way they would appear in the reference list.

• For the same author, but different publications dates organize them by the year of publication.
  
  Reports from past studies (Wynewood & Cathberg, 1995, 1997)
  
  
• To identify works by the same author for the same publication date, add suffixes a, b, c, and so on.
  
  A number of studies (Peters, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c)
  
  
• If there are two or more works by different authors cited in the same parentheses, organize them in alphabetical order by the author's last name.
  
  A number of studies (Bradford, 1995; Caldwell, 1998; Goldberg, 1991)